Engineers 3D print hydrogels to monitor activity in the body
Washington University's bioelectronic hydrogels could one day replace existing wearable or implantable devices
According to Washington University (WashU), a research team in the McKelvey School of Engineering is developing bioelectronic hydrogels that could one day replace existing wearable or implantable devices, with much more flexibility. Devices like these – designed to monitor biological activities, such as heart rate – are typically made of metals, silicon, plastic, and glass, and must be surgically implanted.
Alexandra Rutz, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering, and Anna Goestenkors, a fifth-year doctoral student in Rutz’s lab, created novel granular hydrogels. They are made of microparticles that could be injected into the body, spread over tissues, or used to encapsulate cells and tissue, and also to monitor and stimulate biological activity. Results of their research were published in the nanoscience journal Small.
The microparticles are spherical hydrogels made from the conducting polymer known as PEDOT:PSS. When packed tightly, they are similar to wet sand or paste: They hold as a solid with micropores, but they can also be 3D printed or spread into different shapes while maintaining their structure or redistributed into individual microparticles when placed in liquid.
“Granular hydrogels have not been widely studied for these applications, but we have found that this material has the potential to be injected with a needle at the site,” said Rutz. “We’re trying to borrow techniques from tissue engineering to try to have these electronically conducting materials emulate properties of the body while being able to leverage the function of these materials to have more sophisticated ways of doing it.”
When the particles are packed closely together, there are empty spaces between them that create porosity on the micron scale or the cell scale. “Because the particles’ connections aren’t permanent, they can move relative to each other, and the material will flow like a liquid when you apply a certain amount of force that allows them to be injected or extruded,” said Goestenkors. “But when you remove that force, they recover those connections and become more of a paste-like solid again, so it’s a very adaptable material.”
The individual particles can be pushed through a 3D printing nozzle to form strands, Goestenkors said. She created them through a water-and-oil emulsion, similar to making an oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. After heating the oil, she added the polymer. When stirred, the polymer broke into tiny droplets in the oil, and the elevated temperature crosslinked the polymer to create stable hydrogels.
As part of their research, they conducted an experiment with locusts in the lab of Barani Raman, the Dennis & Barbara Kessler Professor at McKelvey Engineering and co-director of Washington University’s Center for Cyborg and BioRobotic Research. Goestenkors put small clumps of the particles on the tips of locust antennae, which have olfactory receptor neurons. The particles allowed them to measure local field potentials that correspond with an odor being sensed by the locust.
“With further development, we envision these conducting granular hydrogels could be used as 3D printed customized electrodes that can conform to topographically diverse surfaces or completely encapsulate biological components, tissue engineering scaffolds, or injectable therapies,” said Rutz.
Rutz and Goestenkors have applied for a US patent that covers fabrication and applications of conducting polymer microparticles and conducting granular hydrogels. They are working with Washington University’s Office of Technology Management, which is assisting in protecting the intellectual property and advancing commercialization efforts.
